diff --git a/quantstats/reports.py b/quantstats/reports.py
index f0d8a9ad..ed4d7b4d 100644
--- a/quantstats/reports.py
+++ b/quantstats/reports.py
@@ -97,6 +97,19 @@ def _get_trading_periods(periods_per_year=252):
     return periods_per_year, half_year
 
 
+def _get_rf_display_value(rf, index=None):
+    """Return a scalar risk-free rate for report display."""
+    return _get_utils()._to_scalar(rf, index)
+
+
+def _format_rf(rf, index=None):
+    """Format scalar and time-varying risk-free rates for report parameters."""
+    value = _get_rf_display_value(rf, index)
+    if isinstance(rf, (_pd.Series, _pd.DataFrame)):
+        return f"time-varying (avg {value:.1%})"
+    return f"{value:.1%}"
+
+
 def _print_parameters_table(
     benchmark_title=None,
     periods_per_year=252,
@@ -127,7 +140,7 @@ def _print_parameters_table(
     if benchmark_title:
         print(f"{'Benchmark':<25}{benchmark_title.upper():>15}")
     print(f"{'Periods/Year':<25}{periods_per_year:>15}")
-    print(f"{'Risk-Free Rate':<25}{rf:>14.1%}")
+    print(f"{'Risk-Free Rate':<25}{_format_rf(rf):>15}")
     print(f"{'Compounded':<25}{'Yes' if compounded else 'No':>15}")
     if benchmark_title:
         print(f"{'Match Dates':<25}{'Yes' if match_dates else 'No':>15}")
@@ -304,7 +317,7 @@ def html(
         if isinstance(benchmark, str):
             # Download the full benchmark data
             benchmark_original = _get_utils().download_returns(benchmark)
-            if rf != 0:
+            if _get_utils()._is_non_zero(rf):
                 benchmark_original = _get_utils().to_excess_returns(
                     benchmark_original, rf, nperiods=periods_per_year
                 )
@@ -343,7 +356,7 @@ def html(
     if benchmark_title:
         params_parts.append(f"Benchmark: {benchmark_title.upper()}")
     params_parts.append(f"Periods/Year: {periods_per_year}")
-    params_parts.append(f"RF: {rf:.1%}")
+    params_parts.append(f"RF: {_format_rf(rf, returns.index)}")
 
     params_str = " &bull; ".join(params_parts)
     if params_str:
@@ -1263,10 +1276,11 @@ def metrics(
                 df["returns_" + str(i + 1)] = returns[strategy_col]
 
     # Calculate start and end dates for each series
+    display_rf = _get_rf_display_value(rf, df.index)
     if isinstance(returns, _pd.Series):
         s_start = {"returns": df["returns"].index.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")[0]}
         s_end = {"returns": df["returns"].index.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")[-1]}
-        s_rf = {"returns": rf}
+        s_rf = {"returns": display_rf}
     elif isinstance(returns, _pd.DataFrame):
         df_strategy_columns = [col for col in df.columns if col != "benchmark"]
         s_start = {
@@ -1277,13 +1291,13 @@ def metrics(
             strategy_col: df[strategy_col].dropna().index.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")[-1]
             for strategy_col in df_strategy_columns
         }
-        s_rf = {strategy_col: rf for strategy_col in df_strategy_columns}
+        s_rf = {strategy_col: display_rf for strategy_col in df_strategy_columns}
 
     # Add benchmark dates if present
     if "benchmark" in df:
         s_start["benchmark"] = df["benchmark"].index.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")[0]
         s_end["benchmark"] = df["benchmark"].index.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")[-1]
-        s_rf["benchmark"] = rf
+        s_rf["benchmark"] = display_rf
 
     # Fill missing values with zeros for calculations
     df = df.fillna(0)
@@ -1802,7 +1816,7 @@ def metrics(
         params_data = {
             "Parameter": ["Risk-Free Rate", "Periods/Year", "Compounded", "Match Dates"],
             "Value": [
-                f"{rf:.1%}" if rf != 0 else "0.0%",
+                _format_rf(rf, df.index),
                 str(periods_per_year),
                 "Yes" if compounded else "No",
                 "Yes" if match_dates else "No",
diff --git a/quantstats/stats.py b/quantstats/stats.py
index 266f9513..3a5bded7 100644
--- a/quantstats/stats.py
+++ b/quantstats/stats.py
@@ -873,7 +873,7 @@ def sharpe(
     validate_input(returns)
 
     # Validate parameters for risk-free rate handling
-    if rf != 0 and periods is None:
+    if _utils._is_non_zero(rf) and periods is None:
         raise ValueError("periods parameter is required when risk-free rate (rf) is non-zero. "
                          "This is needed to properly annualize the risk-free rate.")
 
@@ -963,7 +963,7 @@ def rolling_sharpe(
         >>> print(rolling_sharpe_ratio)
     """
     # Validate parameters for risk-free rate handling
-    if rf != 0 and rolling_period is None:
+    if _utils._is_non_zero(rf) and rolling_period is None:
         raise Exception("Must provide periods if rf != 0")
 
     if prepare_returns:
@@ -1018,7 +1018,7 @@ def sortino(
     validate_input(returns)
 
     # Validate parameters for risk-free rate handling
-    if rf != 0 and periods is None:
+    if _utils._is_non_zero(rf) and periods is None:
         raise ValueError("periods parameter is required when risk-free rate (rf) is non-zero. "
                          "This is needed to properly annualize the risk-free rate.")
 
@@ -1114,7 +1114,7 @@ def rolling_sortino(
         >>> print(rolling_sortino_ratio)
     """
     # Validate parameters for risk-free rate handling
-    if rf != 0 and rolling_period is None:
+    if _utils._is_non_zero(rf) and rolling_period is None:
         raise Exception("Must provide periods if rf != 0")
 
     if kwargs.get("prepare_returns", True):
@@ -1219,6 +1219,8 @@ def probabilistic_ratio(
         >>> prob_ratio = probabilistic_ratio(returns, base="sharpe")
         >>> print(f"Probabilistic Sharpe ratio: {prob_ratio:.4f}")
     """
+    rf = _utils._to_scalar(rf, series.index)
+
     # Calculate the base ratio depending on the selected metric
     if base.lower() == "sharpe":
         base = sharpe(series, periods=periods, annualize=False, smart=smart)
@@ -1237,6 +1239,11 @@ def probabilistic_ratio(
 
     n = len(series)
 
+    if isinstance(series, _pd.DataFrame):
+        base = _np.asarray(base, dtype=float)
+        skew_no = _np.asarray(skew_no, dtype=float)
+        kurtosis_no = _np.asarray(kurtosis_no, dtype=float)
+
     # Calculate standard error of the ratio incorporating higher moments
     # Formula accounts for skewness and kurtosis effects on ratio distribution
     sigma_sr = _np.sqrt(
@@ -1247,6 +1254,8 @@ def probabilistic_ratio(
     # Calculate standardized ratio and convert to probability
     ratio = (base - rf) / sigma_sr
     psr = _norm.cdf(ratio)
+    if isinstance(series, _pd.DataFrame):
+        psr = _pd.Series(psr, index=series.columns)
 
     # Annualize if requested
     if annualize:
@@ -1388,7 +1397,7 @@ def treynor_ratio(returns, benchmark, periods=252.0, rf=0.0):
         return 0
 
     # Calculate excess return over risk-free rate divided by beta
-    return (comp(returns) - rf) / beta
+    return (comp(returns) - _utils._to_scalar(rf, returns.index)) / beta
 
 
 def omega(
@@ -1723,6 +1732,8 @@ def ulcer_performance_index(returns, rf=0):
         >>> upi_value = ulcer_performance_index(returns)
         >>> print(f"Ulcer Performance Index: {upi_value:.4f}")
     """
+    rf = _utils._to_scalar(rf, returns.index)
+
     # Calculate excess return divided by Ulcer Index
     ulcer = ulcer_index(returns)
     
@@ -1778,6 +1789,8 @@ def serenity_index(returns, rf=0):
         Based on KeyQuant whitepaper:
         https://www.keyquant.com/Download/GetFile?Filename=%5CPublications%5CKeyQuant_WhitePaper_APT_Part1.pdf
     """
+    rf = _utils._to_scalar(rf, returns.index)
+
     # Convert returns to drawdown series
     dd = to_drawdown_series(returns)
 
@@ -2350,6 +2363,8 @@ def recovery_factor(returns, rf=0.0, prepare_returns=True):
         >>> rf_value = recovery_factor(returns)
         >>> print(f"Recovery factor: {rf_value:.4f}")
     """
+    rf = _utils._to_scalar(rf, returns.index)
+
     if prepare_returns:
         returns = _utils._prepare_returns(returns)
 
diff --git a/quantstats/utils.py b/quantstats/utils.py
index 14c235da..c97d55ca 100644
--- a/quantstats/utils.py
+++ b/quantstats/utils.py
@@ -101,6 +101,26 @@ def validate_input(data, allow_empty=False):
     return True
 
 
+def _is_non_zero(value):
+    """Return True if a scalar or pandas object contains any non-zero values."""
+    if isinstance(value, (_pd.Series, _pd.DataFrame)):
+        return bool((value.fillna(0) != 0).to_numpy().any())
+    return bool(value != 0)
+
+
+def _to_scalar(value, index=None):
+    """Return a scalar value, averaging pandas objects after optional index alignment."""
+    if isinstance(value, (_pd.Series, _pd.DataFrame)):
+        values = value
+        if index is not None:
+            values = values[values.index.isin(index)]
+        result = values.mean()
+        if isinstance(result, _pd.Series):
+            result = result.mean()
+        return 0.0 if _pd.isna(result) else float(result)
+    return value
+
+
 # Cache for _prepare_returns function with thread safety
 _PREPARE_RETURNS_CACHE = {}
 _CACHE_MAX_SIZE = 100
@@ -134,8 +154,15 @@ def _generate_cache_key(data, rf, nperiods):
         else:
             data_hash = hash(str(data))
 
+        if isinstance(rf, _pd.Series):
+            rf_hash = _pd.util.hash_pandas_object(rf).sum()
+        elif isinstance(rf, _pd.DataFrame):
+            rf_hash = _pd.util.hash_pandas_object(rf).sum()
+        else:
+            rf_hash = rf
+
         # Include parameters in the key
-        key = f"{data_hash}_{rf}_{nperiods}"
+        key = f"{data_hash}_{rf_hash}_{nperiods}"
         return key
     except (ValueError, TypeError, AttributeError, MemoryError):
         # If hashing fails, return None to skip caching
@@ -534,7 +561,10 @@ def to_excess_returns(returns: Returns, rf: float, nperiods: int | None = None)
         rf = _np.power(1 + rf, 1.0 / nperiods) - 1.0
 
     # Calculate excess returns
-    df = returns - rf
+    if isinstance(returns, _pd.DataFrame) and isinstance(rf, _pd.Series):
+        df = returns.sub(rf, axis=0)
+    else:
+        df = returns - rf
     df = df.tz_localize(None)
     return df
 
@@ -638,7 +668,7 @@ def _prepare_returns(data, rf=0.0, nperiods=None):
 
     # Calculate excess returns if rf > 0 and function needs it
     if function not in unnecessary_function_calls:
-        if rf > 0:
+        if _is_non_zero(rf):
             result = to_excess_returns(data, rf, nperiods)
             # Cache the result
             if cache_key:
diff --git a/tests/test_reports.py b/tests/test_reports.py
index e03bcc97..a1d2c26c 100644
--- a/tests/test_reports.py
+++ b/tests/test_reports.py
@@ -140,6 +140,24 @@ def test_html_custom_rf(self, sample_returns):
             if os.path.exists(output_path):
                 os.remove(output_path)
 
+    def test_html_time_varying_rf(self, sample_returns):
+        """Test time-varying risk-free rate in parameters."""
+        rf = pd.Series(
+            np.linspace(0.01, 0.03, len(sample_returns)),
+            index=sample_returns.index,
+        )
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode="w", suffix=".html", delete=False) as f:
+            output_path = f.name
+
+        try:
+            reports.html(sample_returns, output=output_path, rf=rf)
+            with open(output_path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                content = f.read()
+                assert "RF: time-varying (avg 2.0%)" in content
+        finally:
+            if os.path.exists(output_path):
+                os.remove(output_path)
+
 
 class TestMetrics:
     """Test metrics function."""
@@ -174,6 +192,18 @@ def test_metrics_with_rf(self, sample_returns):
         # Results should be different
         assert not result_no_rf.equals(result_with_rf)
 
+    def test_metrics_with_time_varying_rf(self, sample_returns):
+        """Test metrics with time-varying risk-free rate."""
+        rf = pd.Series(
+            np.linspace(0.01, 0.03, len(sample_returns)),
+            index=sample_returns.index,
+        )
+
+        result = reports.metrics(sample_returns, rf=rf, display=False)
+
+        assert isinstance(result, pd.DataFrame)
+        assert result.loc["Risk-Free Rate", "Strategy"] == 2.0
+
 
 class TestMatchDates:
     """Test date matching functionality."""
diff --git a/tests/test_stats.py b/tests/test_stats.py
index 5a22f857..5cf9754e 100644
--- a/tests/test_stats.py
+++ b/tests/test_stats.py
@@ -140,6 +140,19 @@ def test_sharpe_with_rf(self, sample_returns):
         # Higher rf should lower Sharpe ratio
         assert result_with_rf < result_no_rf
 
+    def test_sharpe_with_time_varying_rf(self, sample_returns):
+        """Test Sharpe ratio with time-varying risk-free rate."""
+        rf = pd.Series(
+            np.linspace(0.01, 0.03, len(sample_returns)),
+            index=sample_returns.index,
+        )
+
+        result = stats.sharpe(sample_returns, rf=rf)
+
+        if isinstance(result, pd.Series):
+            result = result.iloc[0]
+        assert np.isfinite(result)
+
     def test_sortino(self, sample_returns):
         """Test Sortino ratio calculation."""
         result = stats.sortino(sample_returns)
diff --git a/tests/test_utils.py b/tests/test_utils.py
index e42d0e72..76c75a6b 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils.py
@@ -64,6 +64,27 @@ def test_to_returns_from_prices(self, sample_prices):
         assert result.dropna().abs().max() < 1
 
 
+class TestToExcessReturns:
+    """Test excess returns calculation."""
+
+    def test_dataframe_subtracts_time_varying_rf_by_index(self):
+        """Test DataFrame returns subtract Series RF by date index."""
+        dates = pd.date_range("2020-01-01", periods=3, freq="D")
+        returns = pd.DataFrame(
+            {"A": [0.02, 0.03, 0.04], "B": [0.01, 0.02, 0.03]},
+            index=dates,
+        )
+        rf = pd.Series([0.001, 0.002, 0.003], index=dates)
+
+        result = utils.to_excess_returns(returns, rf)
+
+        expected = pd.DataFrame(
+            {"A": [0.019, 0.028, 0.037], "B": [0.009, 0.018, 0.027]},
+            index=dates,
+        )
+        pd.testing.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+
 class TestToPrices:
     """Test to_prices function."""