diff --git a/src/09_Operators_Spectra.jl b/src/09_Operators_Spectra.jl index a22730e..cc3912e 100644 --- a/src/09_Operators_Spectra.jl +++ b/src/09_Operators_Spectra.jl @@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ For example, for $\opA = - \Delta$ defined on all of $\mathbb{R}^3)$ # ╔═╡ b86c0bf2-cea9-4f6d-89bd-30634e0a2523 md""" A subtle point in the definition of operators is that the **choice of the operator domain** $V$ -(for a given "receipe" to evaluate the operator such as $\opA = - \Delta$) +(for a given "recipe" to evaluate the operator such as $\opA = - \Delta$) has a crucial influence on the obtained spectrum $\sigma(\mathcal{A})$. For example even in the case of physical operators such as the Schrödinger operators $\opH = - Δ / 2 + V$ with smooth potential $V$, @@ -235,16 +235,16 @@ Foldable("Properties of matrices that hold for operators", md""" md""" ## Domains of operators -Picking up on the subtle point of operator domains, let's first establish som standard choices. +Picking up on the subtle point of operator domains, let's first establish some standard choices. """ # ╔═╡ 5f979847-44af-4457-9220-6840b3b1bd11 md""" -In the following we will consider the specific case of linear operators on a Hilbert space $\hilbert$, i.e. operators of the form $\opA: D(\opA) \rightarrow \hilbert$. The **domain** $D(\opA) \leq \hilbert$ is a dense subspace of $V$. Unless otherwise noted the standard choice of the domain is +In the following we will consider the specific case of linear operators on a Hilbert space $\hilbert$, i.e. operators of the form $\opA: D(\opA) \rightarrow \hilbert$. The **domain** $D(\opA) \leq \hilbert$ is a dense subspace of $\hilbert$. Unless otherwise noted the standard choice of the domain is ```math D(\mathcal{A})=\{f \in \hilbert \mid \opA f \in \hilbert \}, ``` -i.e. the largest possible subspace of $\hilbert$, such that applying the operator does not take us ot of $\hilbert$. Unless otherwise noted we will always employ this domain. +i.e. the largest possible subspace of $\hilbert$, such that applying the operator does not take us out of $\hilbert$. Unless otherwise noted we will always employ this domain. - Other choices of the domain are well possible and sometimes useful. Moreover and perhaps surprisingly it has a decisive influence on the properties of an operator. For example it is related to the operator being self-adjoint or not --- which is in turn related to the question whether the operator spectrum is physical or not, as we will discuss. @@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ i.e. the largest possible subspace of $\hilbert$, such that applying the operato # ╔═╡ 15012412-d229-45e4-8b12-0dc89d3baaa2 md""" -Similar to matrices we can also define norms of operators making refernce to the norm of $\hilbert$: +Similar to matrices we can also define norms of operators making reference to the norm of $\hilbert$: !!! note "Definition (Operator norm)" Let $\left(V,\|\cdot\|_{V}\right)$ and $\left(W,\|\cdot\|_{W}\right)$ denote two Banach spaces. The corresponding operator norm is @@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ Similar to matrices we can also define norms of operators making refernce to the \|\opA \|_{\boundedoperators (V, W)} \coloneqq \sup _{0 \neq x \in V} \frac{\| \opA (v)\|_{W}}{\| v \|_{V}}. ``` When dealing with an operator $\opA: D(\opA) \rightarrow \hilbert$ - and whent the underlying Hilbert space is clear, we frequently denote this as + and when the underlying Hilbert space is clear, we frequently denote this as ```math \| \opA \|_\text{op} \equiv \sup _{0 \neq f \in D(\opA)} \frac{\| \opA f\|_{\hilbert}}{\|f\|_{\hilbert}}, ``` @@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ md""" # ╔═╡ feb88cc7-66ac-463c-81b4-a223902c5897 md""" -In infinite dimensions one can easly construct examples where conditions (1), (2) or (3) fail separately, so the **spectrum can contain elements**, which are **not eigenvalues**. Similarly **$\sigma(\opA)$ can be empty**. See the Foldable below for explicit constructions of some of these cases. +In infinite dimensions one can easily construct examples where conditions (1), (2) or (3) fail separately, so the **spectrum can contain elements**, which are **not eigenvalues**. Similarly **$\sigma(\opA)$ can be empty**. See the Foldable below for explicit constructions of some of these cases. """ # ╔═╡ 8d7c4bd7-fc1e-4dc4-869c-ae33a27b015c @@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ Foldable("Lemma 2: Discussion Analyticity of resolvent (optional)", md""" md""" ## Self-adjoint operators -As discussed in principle multiple choices for the operator domain $D(\opA)$ can sometimes be reasonable and thus seems to leave considerable ambiguity. +As discussed in principle multiple choices for the operator domain $D(\opA)$ can sometimes be reasonable and thus seem to leave considerable ambiguity. - As the Schrödinger operator example shows, there is clearly some form of a maximal domain, since we clearly need $\varphi \in D(\opH)=H^{2} (\mathbb R^{d})$ to assure $\opH \varphi \in L^{2} (\mathbb{R}^{d} )$. But what about choosing a smaller domain, e.g. $D(H)=C_{0}^{\infty} (\mathbb{R}^{d} )$ ? @@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ md""" We provide some examples of self-adjoint operators on $\hilbert=L^{2}(\mathbb R^{d})$ and state the spectra of some of them (Proofs are given [in the second appendix on Weyl sequences](#Example-spectra-of-operators)). -We will note that the previously introduced **Sobolev spaces arise naturally** as the the correct **domain to ensure self-adjointness** of physical operators. +We will note that the previously introduced **Sobolev spaces arise naturally** as the correct **domain to ensure self-adjointness** of physical operators. """ # ╔═╡ a53f5693-6a82-481c-a1ba-cb10652e96ae @@ -2087,7 +2087,7 @@ where ```math \im\Big(\mathbf 1 _{\{λ_i\}} (M)\Big) = \mathop{\mathrm{Ker}}(M - \lambda_i) ``` -is the the eigenspace of eigenvalue $\lambda_i$ +is the eigenspace of eigenvalue $\lambda_i$ and $\mathbf 1 _{\{λ_i\}} (M)$ is the projector into the eigenspace of $λ_i$.