diff --git a/schemas/v1.2-dev/schema.yaml b/schemas/v1.2-dev/schema.yaml
index 4891415..292d8fb 100644
--- a/schemas/v1.2-dev/schema.yaml
+++ b/schemas/v1.2-dev/schema.yaml
@@ -16,7 +16,11 @@ properties:
     minItems: 1
     uniqueItems: true
     items:
-      $ref: "#/$defs/action-object"
+      oneOf:
+        - $ref: "#/$defs/reusable-action-reference-object"
+        - $ref: "#/$defs/action-object"
+  components:
+    $ref: "#/$defs/components-object"
 required:
   - overlay
   - info
@@ -24,6 +28,45 @@ required:
 $ref: "#/$defs/specification-extensions"
 unevaluatedProperties: false
 $defs:
+  reusable-action-reference-object:
+    type: object
+    allOf:
+      - $ref: "#/$defs/specification-extensions"
+      - $ref: "#/$defs/description-field"
+      - $ref: "#/$defs/target-field"
+    properties:
+      $ref:
+        type: string
+        pattern: ^#\/components\/actions\/(?:[^~/]|~0|~1)+$
+    required:
+      - $ref
+      - target
+    unevaluatedProperties: false
+  reusable-action-fields-object:
+    type: object
+    allOf:
+      - $ref: "#/$defs/description-field"
+      - $ref: "#/$defs/action-fields"
+      - $ref: "#/$defs/specification-extensions"
+    unevaluatedProperties: false
+  reusable-action-object:
+    type: object
+    allOf:
+      - $ref: "#/$defs/specification-extensions"
+      - $ref: "#/$defs/description-field"
+    properties:
+      fields:
+        $ref: "#/$defs/reusable-action-fields-object"
+    unevaluatedProperties: false
+  components-object:
+    type: object
+    properties:
+      actions:
+        type: object
+        additionalProperties:
+          $ref: "#/$defs/reusable-action-object"
+    $ref: "#/$defs/specification-extensions"
+    unevaluatedProperties: false
   info-object:
     type: object
     properties:
@@ -31,21 +74,27 @@ $defs:
         type: string
       version:
         type: string
-      description:
-        type: string
+    allOf:
+      - $ref: "#/$defs/description-field"
     required:
       - title
       - version
     $ref: "#/$defs/specification-extensions"
     unevaluatedProperties: false
-  action-object:
+  description-field:
+    type: object
+    properties:
+      description:
+        type: string
+  target-field:
     type: object
     properties:
       target:
         type: string
         pattern: ^\$
-      description:
-        type: string
+  action-fields:
+    type: object
+    properties:
       update:
         type:
           - string
@@ -59,9 +108,15 @@ $defs:
       remove:
         type: boolean
         default: false
+  action-object:
+    type: object
+    allOf:
+      - $ref: "#/$defs/description-field"
+      - $ref: "#/$defs/target-field"
+      - $ref: "#/$defs/action-fields"
+      - $ref: "#/$defs/specification-extensions"
     required:
       - target
-    $ref: "#/$defs/specification-extensions"
     unevaluatedProperties: false
   specification-extensions:
     patternProperties:
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/components-actions-invalid-type.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/components-actions-invalid-type.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a63ac20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/components-actions-invalid-type.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Components actions must be an object
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions: []
+actions:
+  - target: '$'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/components-invalid-property.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/components-invalid-property.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e3c27c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/components-invalid-property.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Components invalid property
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  invalidProperty: true
+  actions:
+    setDescription:
+      target: '$.info'
+      update:
+        description: Updated
+actions:
+  - target: '$.info'
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/components-invalid-type.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/components-invalid-type.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72665a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/components-invalid-type.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Components must be an object
+  version: 1.0.0
+components: []
+actions:
+  - target: '$'
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/components-reusable-action-invalid-type.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/components-reusable-action-invalid-type.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b84e519
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/components-reusable-action-invalid-type.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Components action must be an object
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    brokenAction: not-an-object
+actions:
+  - target: '$'
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-description-invalid-type.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-description-invalid-type.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14fcd59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-description-invalid-type.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action with invalid description type
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    setDescription:
+      description: 42
+      fields:
+        update:
+          description: Updated by reusable action
+actions:
+  - $ref: '#/components/actions/setDescription'
+    target: '$.info'
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-fields-invalid-property.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-fields-invalid-property.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6f7861
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-fields-invalid-property.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action fields must not contain invalid properties
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    setDescription:
+      fields:
+        invalidProperty: true
+        update:
+          description: Updated
+actions:
+  - target: '$'
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-fields-invalid-type.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-fields-invalid-type.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93ef141
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-fields-invalid-type.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action fields must be an object
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    setDescription:
+      fields: not-an-object
+actions:
+  - target: '$'
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-fields-target-not-allowed.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-fields-target-not-allowed.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0ec4a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-fields-target-not-allowed.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action fields with target not allowed
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    setDescription:
+      fields:
+        target: '$.info'
+        update:
+          description: Updated by reusable action
+actions:
+  - $ref: '#/components/actions/setDescription'
+    target: '$.info'
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-invalid-property.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-invalid-property.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99a0095
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-invalid-property.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action invalid property
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    setDescription:
+      fields:
+        update:
+          description: Updated
+      invalidProperty: true
+actions:
+  - target: '$.info'
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-peer-action-fields.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-peer-action-fields.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca9d595
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-peer-action-fields.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action must not have action fields as peer properties
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    setDescription:
+      target: '$.info'
+      update:
+        description: Updated
+actions:
+  - target: '$'
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-copy-not-allowed.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-copy-not-allowed.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71d64ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-copy-not-allowed.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action reference must not contain copy
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    copyInfoTitle:
+      fields:
+        copy: '$.info.title'
+actions:
+  - $ref: '#/components/actions/copyInfoTitle'
+    target: '$.info.summary'
+    copy: '$.info.description'
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-invalid-ref-type.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-invalid-ref-type.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c95a46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-invalid-ref-type.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action reference ref must be a string
+  version: 1.0.0
+actions:
+  - $ref: 100
+    target: '$'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-invalid-ref.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-invalid-ref.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da9c2aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-invalid-ref.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action reference must point to components actions
+  version: 1.0.0
+actions:
+  - $ref: '#/components/notActions/errorResponse'
+    target: '$.info'
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-missing-target.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-missing-target.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48591a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-missing-target.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action reference missing required target
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    setDescription:
+      fields:
+        update:
+          description: Updated by reusable action
+actions:
+  - $ref: '#/components/actions/setDescription'
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-remove-not-allowed.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-remove-not-allowed.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aeda48d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-remove-not-allowed.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action reference must not contain remove
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    removeInfoDescription:
+      fields:
+        remove: true
+actions:
+  - $ref: '#/components/actions/removeInfoDescription'
+    target: '$.info.description'
+    remove: true
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-unescaped-component-key.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-unescaped-component-key.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..244e363
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-unescaped-component-key.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action reference with unescaped component key is invalid
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    'error-response/v1~beta':
+      fields:
+        description: Adds an error response
+        update:
+          '404':
+            description: Not Found
+actions:
+  - $ref: '#/components/actions/error-response/v1~beta'
+    target: '$.paths.*.get.responses'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-unescaped-tilde-component-key.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-unescaped-tilde-component-key.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f052e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-unescaped-tilde-component-key.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action reference with unescaped tilde in component key is invalid
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    'error~response':
+      fields:
+        description: Adds an error response
+        update:
+          '404':
+            description: Not Found
+actions:
+  - $ref: '#/components/actions/error~response'
+    target: '$.paths.*.get.responses'
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-update-not-allowed.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-update-not-allowed.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d51ddf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/fail/reusable-action-reference-update-not-allowed.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action reference must not contain update
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    setDescription:
+      fields:
+        update:
+          description: Updated by reusable action
+actions:
+  - $ref: '#/components/actions/setDescription'
+    target: '$.info'
+    update:
+      description: Updated by reference
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/components-extensions.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/components-extensions.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1297f9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/components-extensions.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Components extensions
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  x-components-extension:
+    enabled: true
+  actions:
+    setDescription:
+      fields:
+        update:
+          description: Updated
+actions:
+  - $ref: '#/components/actions/setDescription'
+    target: '$.info'
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/components-reusable-actions.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/components-reusable-actions.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8cbf6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/components-reusable-actions.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Components with reusable actions
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    errorResponse:
+      fields:
+        description: Adds an error response
+        update:
+          '404':
+            description: Not Found
+actions:
+  - $ref: '#/components/actions/errorResponse'
+    target: '$.paths.*.get.responses'
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/reusable-action-description.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/reusable-action-description.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46d470b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/reusable-action-description.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action with description
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    setDescription:
+      description: A reusable action that updates the info description
+      fields:
+        update:
+          description: Updated by reusable action
+actions:
+  - $ref: '#/components/actions/setDescription'
+    target: '$.info'
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/reusable-action-empty-fields.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/reusable-action-empty-fields.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6a3f5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/reusable-action-empty-fields.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action with empty fields
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    placeholder:
+      description: This does not do anything because of the empty fields and lack of reference, it's just to validate a schema permutation.
+      fields: {}
+actions:
+  - target: '$'
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/reusable-action-extensions.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/reusable-action-extensions.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c7b2cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/reusable-action-extensions.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action extensions
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    setDescription:
+      x-action-extension:
+        mode: reusable
+      fields:
+        update:
+          description: Updated
+actions:
+  - $ref: '#/components/actions/setDescription'
+    target: '$.info'
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/reusable-action-reference-escaped-component-key.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/reusable-action-reference-escaped-component-key.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06b2c84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/reusable-action-reference-escaped-component-key.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action reference with escaped component key
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    'error-response/v1~beta':
+      fields:
+        description: Adds an error response
+        update:
+          '404':
+            description: Not Found
+actions:
+  - $ref: '#/components/actions/error-response~1v1~0beta'
+    target: '$.paths.*.get.responses'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/reusable-action-reference-extensions.yaml b/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/reusable-action-reference-extensions.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0a5281
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/v1.2-dev/pass/reusable-action-reference-extensions.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Reusable action reference extensions
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    setDescription:
+      fields:
+        update:
+          description: Updated
+actions:
+  - $ref: '#/components/actions/setDescription'
+    target: '$.info'
+    x-reference-extension:
+      applied: true
diff --git a/versions/1.2.0-dev.md b/versions/1.2.0-dev.md
index 7f771e7..c258797 100644
--- a/versions/1.2.0-dev.md
+++ b/versions/1.2.0-dev.md
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ The main purpose of the Overlay Specification is to provide a way to repeatably
 
 ### Overlay
 
-An Overlay is a JSON or YAML structure containing an ordered list of [Action Objects](#overlay-actions) that are to be applied to the target document. Each [Action Object](#action-object) has a `target` property and a modifier type (`update`, `remove`, or `copy`). The `target` property is a [[RFC9535|RFC9535 JSONPath]] query expression that identifies the elements of the target document to be updated and the modifier determines the change.
+An Overlay is represented in JSON or YAML and contains [actions](#overlay-actions) that are applied in order to an [[OpenAPI]] description. Each action uses a target expressed as a [[RFC9535|RFC9535 JSONPath]] query expression to identify where changes apply. [Reusable actions](#reusable-action-object) may be used to reduce duplication through references.
 
 ## Specification
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ The Overlay Specification is versioned using a `major`.`minor`.`patch` versionin
 
 ### Format
 
-An Overlay document that conforms to the Overlay Specification is itself a JSON object, which may be represented either in [[RFC8259|JSON]] or [[YAML|YAML]] format. Examples in this specification will be shown in YAML for brevity.
+An Overlay that conforms to the Overlay Specification is itself a JSON object, which may be represented either in [[RFC8259|JSON]] or [[YAML|YAML]] format. Examples in this specification will be shown in YAML for brevity.
 
 Implementations MUST support applying either JSON or YAML Overlay documents to
 [[OpenAPI|OpenAPI]] descriptions
@@ -84,7 +84,8 @@ This is the root object of the [Overlay](#overlay).
 | <a name="overlay-version"></a>overlay | `string` | **REQUIRED**. This string MUST be the [version number](#versions) of the Overlay Specification that the Overlay document uses. The `overlay` field SHOULD be used by tooling to interpret the Overlay document. |
 | <a name="overlay-info"></a>info | [Info Object](#info-object) | **REQUIRED**. Provides metadata about the Overlay. The metadata MAY be used by tooling as required. |
 | <a name="overlay-extends"></a>extends | `string` | URI reference that identifies the target document (such as an [[OpenAPI]] document) this overlay applies to. |
-| <a name="overlay-actions"></a>actions | [[Action Object](#action-object)] | **REQUIRED** An ordered list of actions to be applied to the target document. The array MUST contain at least one value. |
+| <a name="overlay-actions"></a>actions | [[Action Object](#action-object) \| [Reusable Action Reference Object](#reusable-action-reference-object)] | **REQUIRED** An ordered list of actions to be applied to the target document. The array MUST contain at least one value. |
+| <a name="overlay-components"></a>components | [Components Object](#components-object) | A set of components to reuse across the Overlay Document. |
 
 This object MAY be extended with [Specification Extensions](#specification-extensions).
 
@@ -128,6 +129,20 @@ The metadata MAY be used by the clients if needed.
 
 This object MAY be extended with [Specification Extensions](#specification-extensions).
 
+#### Components Object
+
+The object provides a set of components to be reused across the Overlay document.
+
+##### Fixed Fields
+
+| Field Name | Type | Description |
+| ---- | :----: | ---- |
+| <a name="component-actions"></a>actions | Map(`string`, [Reusable Action Object](#reusable-action-object)) | A key-value set of reusable actions to reference in the actions through a [Reusable Action Reference Object](#reusable-action-reference-object). |
+
+When a key under `components.actions` is referenced by a Reusable Action Reference Object, that key is part of a JSON Pointer token and MUST be encoded according to [[RFC6901], Section 3](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6901#section-3) (for example, `~` as `~0` and `/` as `~1`).
+
+This object MAY be extended with [Specification Extensions](#specification-extensions).
+
 #### Action Object
 
 This object represents one or more changes to be applied to the target document at the locations defined by the target JSONPath expression.
@@ -157,6 +172,42 @@ The properties of the `update` or `copy` object MUST be compatible with the targ
 
 This object MAY be extended with [Specification Extensions](#specification-extensions).
 
+#### Reusable Action Object
+
+This object defines a reusable action in [`components.actions`](#component-actions).
+It can be referenced from [`actions`](#overlay-actions) by a [Reusable Action Reference Object](#reusable-action-reference-object).
+
+##### Fixed fields
+
+| Field Name | Type | Description |
+| ---- | :----: | ---- |
+| <a name="reusable-action-description"></a>description | `string` | A description of the reusable action. This description is independent of the `description` field on the contained [Action Object](#action-object) and is intended to document the reusable action itself (for example, its purpose or usage). [CommonMark syntax](https://spec.commonmark.org/) MAY be used for rich text representation. |
+| <a name="reusable-action-fields"></a>fields | [Action Object](#action-object) | An [Action Object](#action-object) where no field is required, except that the `target` field MUST NOT be provided. The `target` MUST be supplied by the [Reusable Action Reference Object](#reusable-action-reference-object). |
+
+This object MAY be extended with [Specification Extensions](#specification-extensions).
+
+A reusable action is similar to an action but differs in important ways:
+
+1. Action fields are nested inside the `fields` property, not defined as peer properties. The `fields` object may omit any action field, and MUST NOT include the `target` field; the `target` MUST be supplied by the [Reusable Action Reference Object](#reusable-action-reference-object).
+1. A Reusable Action Object has to be referenced by a Reusable Action Reference Object to have any effect on the OpenAPI description.
+
+#### Reusable Action Reference Object
+
+A Reusable Action Reference Object applies a reusable action defined in `components.actions` to a specific target in the source document.
+It references the reusable action by `$ref` and MAY provide action fields that override values from the referenced reusable action for that use.
+
+##### Fixed fields
+
+| Field Name | Type | Description |
+| ---- | :----: | ---- |
+| <a name="reusable-action-reference-ref"></a>$ref | `string` | **REQUIRED** A [same-document](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3986.html#section-4.4) (or fragment-only) relative URI reference, per RFC3986 §4.4, where the fragment syntax is JSON Pointer with the pointer prefix restricted to `/components/actions/`. Component action keys in this pointer MUST be encoded according to [[RFC6901], Section 3](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6901#section-3). |
+| <a name="reusable-action-reference-target"></a>target | `string` | **REQUIRED** A JSONPath query expression, as described in [[RFC9535]], referencing the target objects in the source document. |
+| <a name="action-description"></a>description | `string` | A description of the action. [[CommonMark]] syntax MAY be used for rich text representation. |
+
+This object MAY be extended with [Specification Extensions](#specification-extensions).
+
+In case a description is defined in `fields` of the referenced [Reusable Action Object](#reusable-action-object) and in the Reference Object, the description from the Reference Object MUST be used.
+
 ### Examples
 
 #### Structured Overlay Example
@@ -559,6 +610,97 @@ paths:
           description: OK
 ```
 
+##### Reusable Action Reference Example - Overrides
+
+This example shows how a reusable action can provide shared update content while a reusable action reference supplies the `target` locally. In this case, each reference reuses the same error response definition but supplies a different `target` so the update is applied to different operations.
+
+###### Source Description
+
+```yaml
+openapi: 3.2.0
+info:
+  title: Example API
+  version: 1.0.0
+paths:
+  /items:
+    get:
+      responses:
+        200:
+          description: OK
+  /some-items:
+    delete:
+      responses:
+        200:
+          description: OK
+```
+
+###### Overlay
+
+```yaml
+overlay: 1.2.0
+info:
+  title: Use reusable actions to insert error responses
+  version: 1.0.0
+components:
+  actions:
+    errorResponse:
+      fields:
+        update:
+          404:
+            description: Not Found
+            content:
+              application/json:
+                schema:
+                  type: object
+                  properties:
+                    message:
+                      type: string
+      description: Adds an error response to the operation
+actions:
+- $ref: '#/components/actions/errorResponse'
+  target: "$.paths['/items'].get.responses"
+- $ref: '#/components/actions/errorResponse'
+  target: "$.paths['/some-items'].delete.responses"
+```
+
+###### Result Description
+
+```yaml
+openapi: 3.2.0
+info:
+  title: Example API
+  version: 1.0.0
+paths:
+  /items:
+    get:
+      responses:
+        200:
+          description: OK
+        404:
+          description: Not Found
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                type: object
+                properties:
+                  message:
+                    type: string
+  /some-items:
+    delete:
+      responses:
+        200:
+          description: OK
+        404:
+          description: Not Found
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                type: object
+                properties:
+                  message:
+                    type: string
+```
+
 ### Specification Extensions
 
 While the Overlay Specification tries to accommodate most use cases, additional data can be added to extend the specification at certain points.